Blog moved to https://blog.apdu.fr/

I moved my blog from https://ludovicrousseau.blogspot.com/ to https://blog.apdu.fr/.

Why?

I wanted to move away from Blogger (owned by Google since 2003) and host the blog myself on a server I control.

Low tech

The blog is now managed by the Nikola Software. I discovered Nikola by reading a Linux Weekly News article Nikola: static-site generation in Python.

Once generated, the HTML pages are static so it is very easy and simple to host them on a web server. No need to have a database (like MySQL) on the server or run a program (like PHP) to generate the content.

Web design

I use the bootstrap4 Nikola theme with some custom changes.

I am not a web page designer. Some colors or styles may look ugly. Please send me CSS change suggestions.

Update your bookmarks

If you have links pointing to the old blog it is very easy to update them to use the new blog.

For example, you have a link to https://ludovicrousseau.blogspot.com/2021/10/what-happened-20-years-ago.html. The same article is now available at https://blog.apdu.fr/posts/2021/10/what-happened-20-years-ago/

It looks magic, but it works because I used the Nikola plugin import_blogger to import all the articles from Blogger. I then made some "manual" corrections.

Update your RSS feed

To automatically receive new articles you can register your news reader to the RSS feed at https://blog.apdu.fr/rss.xml.

Conclusion

I already updated the links I have on my other web pages to point to the new blog.

I do not plan to close the old blog at Blogger because a lot of other pages still point to it. And it is very annoying to get an HTTP 404 error when you are redirected to a web page that does not exist anymore.

gscriptor now also in French and Russian

I modified gscriptor (included in pcsc-tools) to support internationalization (i18n). The next version of gscriptor (no release date planned yet) will be available (at least) in French and in Russian.

gscriptor

gscriptor is a graphical tool to send APDU commands to a smart card.

It is written in Perl and uses the Gtk+ graphical library.

French


Russian


Conclusion

Thanks to Pro-pra for the initial patch and the Russian localization.

If you want to add another language please copy the file pcsc-tools.pot, add your translations and send me the resulting file.

FAQ: pcsc-lite and SCARD_E_SERVICE_STOPPED error

One of the most popular search request that bring people on my blog is about SCARD_E_SERVICE_STOPPED.

The problem

With pcsc-lite the only cause for the error SCARD_E_SERVICE_STOPPED is that the two sides, pcscd and libpcsclite, are using a different version of the communication protocol.

See for example the reported issue "SCardEstablishContext: Service was stopped.".

In the logs you have something like:

$ journalctl --unit=pcscd
[...]
févr. 11 18:55:07 debian pcscd[3715]: 00000006 winscard_svc.c:361:ContextThread() Received command: CMD_VERSION from client 8
févr. 11 18:55:07 debian pcscd[3715]: 00000004 winscard_svc.c:373:ContextThread() Client is protocol version 4:3
févr. 11 18:55:07 debian pcscd[3715]: 00000001 winscard_svc.c:382:ContextThread() Communication protocol mismatch!
févr. 11 18:55:07 debian pcscd[3715]: 00000002 winscard_svc.c:384:ContextThread() Client protocol is 4:3
févr. 11 18:55:07 debian pcscd[3715]: 00000001 winscard_svc.c:386:ContextThread() Server protocol is 4:4
févr. 11 18:55:07 debian pcscd[3715]: 00000002 winscard_svc.c:396:ContextThread() CMD_VERSION rv=0x8010001E for client 8
Here the server is using version 4.4 but the client is using version 4.3.
The error code 0x8010001E is SCARD_E_SERVICE_STOPPED.

The cause

This situation can happen if you reinstalled pcsc-lite yourself but in /usr/local/ instead of /usr/. In that case you have 2 different versions of pcsc-lite installed at the same time on your system.

You may also use an application inside a flatpak container that uses a different version of pcsc-lite. See the limitations listed in "Accessing smart cards from inside a flatpak sandbox".

The solution

Do not mix different versions of pcsc-lite.

Conclusion

This is the second article in the FAQ "section". The first one was "FAQ: wintypes.h or winscard.h not found". I will try to provide other articles about common errors.

Verify with OpenSSL a signature computed by PyKCS11

With PyKCS11 I provide a sample code signature.py to compute a RSA+SHA256 signature. The Python sample also contains the code to check the signature using PyKCS11.

But what if you want to verify the signature using OpenSSL?

Export the public key

PYKCS11LIB environment variable is used to indicate what PKCS#11 library to use. For the tests I use SoftHSM so I set the variable using: 
$ export PYKCS11LIB=/usr/local/lib/softhsm/libsofthsm2.so
#!/bin/bash

set -e

# get the 1st key object ID
ID=$(pkcs11-tool --module $PYKCS11LIB --list-objects --type pubkey \
    | grep ID \
    | cut -d: -f 2)
echo "Object id: $ID"

# export the public key
pkcs11-tool --module $PYKCS11LIB --read-object --type pubkey --id $ID -o rsa_pub.key

# convert the public key to PEM
openssl rsa -pubin -inform DER -in rsa_pub.key -outform PEM -out rsa_pub.pem

The RSA key pair has been generated by the generate.py script and is stored in the PKCS#11 token. We need to export it so that OpenSSL can use it to check the signature.

To export the key I use pkcs11-tool from the OpenSC project. We need to know the object ID of the public key. This ID is configured in generate.py script line 22. We dump the public keys and get the object ID. 

$ pkcs11-tool --module $PYKCS11LIB --list-objects --type pubkey
Using slot 0 with a present token (0x27ca3aa)
Public Key Object; RSA 1024 bits
  label:      My Public Key
  ID:         22
  Usage:      encrypt, verify, wrap
  Access:     local

The script will work correctly if only one public key is present in the token. I let you handle more complex cases.

output

$ ./export_key.sh 
Using slot 0 with a present token (0x27ca3aa)
Object id:          22
Using slot 0 with a present token (0x27ca3aa)
writing RSA key

Compute signature

I modified the original signature.py script to also save the clear text message in a file cleartext.txt and the signature in a file sig_sha256.bin so these files can be used later by OpenSSL. 

#!/usr/bin/env python3

from PyKCS11 import *
import binascii

pkcs11 = PyKCS11Lib()
pkcs11.load()  # define environment variable PYKCS11LIB=YourPKCS11Lib

# get 1st slot
slot = pkcs11.getSlotList(tokenPresent=True)[0]

session = pkcs11.openSession(slot, CKF_SERIAL_SESSION | CKF_RW_SESSION)
session.login("1234")

# message to sign
toSign = "Hello World!\n"
mechanism = Mechanism(CKM_SHA256_RSA_PKCS, None)

# find first private key and compute signature
privKey = session.findObjects([(CKA_CLASS, CKO_PRIVATE_KEY)])[0]
signature = session.sign(privKey, toSign, mechanism)
print("\nsignature: {}".format(binascii.hexlify(bytearray(signature))))

# save the clear text in a file
with open("cleartext.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write(toSign)

# save to a signature in a file
with open("sig_sha256.bin", "bw") as f:
    f.write(bytearray(signature))

# find first public key and verify signature
pubKey = session.findObjects([(CKA_CLASS, CKO_PUBLIC_KEY)])[0]
result = session.verify(pubKey, toSign, signature, mechanism)
print("\nVerified:", result)

# logout
session.logout()
session.closeSession()

Output

$ ./signature.py 

signature: b'322c1591cb9aba1e361264b02464a2bd9d55693bf772b4253da0862616e611dc139005742c511795c27c8f609e4ddbaafceba1c3b3ce278b8e0af564c84de54a639cff67a9a3f97dcc542cd6f0200954ef7fce4a0f87b61636272e21fc1e3ef9f0b683e360cca4231405dd90ae2c4a3638ca7a85e2b62f6ae30975ff3885ab60'

Verified: True

Verify signature

#!/bin/bash

set -e

# verify signature
openssl dgst -sha256 -verify rsa_pub.pem -signature sig_sha256.bin cleartext.txt

Output 

$ ./verify.sh 
Verified OK

Conclusion

Thanks to Leon Rman for the initial code and the idea.

I let you write the code to do the symmetrical operations: sign using OpenSSL and verify using PyKCS11.

PySCard 2.0.7 released

I just released a new version 2.0.7 of pyscard. PySCard is a python module adding smart cards support (PC/SC) to Python.

The PySCard project is available at:

 

    Changes:

    2.0.7 (March 2023)

    • do not include the generated HTML documentation in the archive


    2.0.6 (March 2023)

    • handle SCARD_E_NO_SERVICE on Windows (on last reader removal)
    • add support of MSYS2/mingw environment on Windows
    • improve documentation
    • minor changes

    FAQ: wintypes.h or winscard.h not found

    One of the most popular search requests that bring people on my website https://pcsclite.apdu.fr/ is about wintypes.h not found.

    Problem

    For example you try to compile something and get the error:

    smartcard/scard/helpers.c:28:10: fatal error: winscard.h: No such file or directory
 #include <winscard.h>
          ^~~~~~~~~~~~

    Solution

    The PC/SC header files (winscard.h, wintypes.h and some others) are provided by the development pcsclite package.

    • for Debian, Ubuntu or derivatives the package is pcsclite-dev
    • for RedHat, Fedora and derivatives the package is pcsc-lite-devel
    • for other Unixes, use your favourite search engine 😜

    You install the correct package and you try again to build your software.

    Conclusion

    I hope this blog article will be correctly indexed by search engines to help people find the solution.

    New version of libccid: 1.5.2

    I just released version 1.5.2 of libccid the Free Software CCID class smart card reader driver. 

    Changes:

    1.5.2 - 31 January 2023, Ludovic Rousseau

    • Add support of
      • KAPELSE KAP-LINK
      • LDU LANDI
      • Sensyl SSC-HV Reader
      • TOKEN2 MFA NFC Reader
      • TOKEN2 Molto2
      • Thales RF Reader
    • Alcor Micro AU9560: Remove high speeds since they are not supported
    • Hack for AlcorMicro AU9560 and Acos-ID card
    • configure.ac: disable the use of --disable-usbdropdir


     

    PC/SC tools projects moved to .apdu.fr

    For historical reasons some projects I maintain are still hosted at my "personal" page http://ludovic.rousseau.free.fr/ in the My computer programs page.

    They are:

    • ifd-GemPC: serial GemPC 410 and USB GemPC 430 reader drivers.
    • pcsc-perl: wrapper to use PC/SC in Perl.
    • pcsc-tools: some tools to be used with smart cards and PC/SC.

    Why the change?

    My personal pages, hosted by my ISP (Internet Service Provider), are still not using https. I have no access to the web server so I can't change that.

    The new pages will be independent from the ISP. The projects will use a DNS name I maintain myself.

    According to the Internet Archive the "My computer programs" page exists since August 2001. I don't think the personal pages hosted by Free will disappear soon, but who knows. Maybe Elon Musk will buy Iliad (parent company of Free) and... anything can happen next.

    I will be able to get some access statistics, in particular for the file smartcard_list.txt containing the list of ATRs used by the pcsc_scan tool.

    Now hosts

    The projects are now in subdomains of apdu.fr. They are at:

    The old pages redirect to the new web sites.

    The URL http://ludovic.rousseau.free.fr/softwares/pcsc-tools/smartcard_list.txt is used by (old) versions of ATR_analysis used by pcsc_scan. This file will be maintained up to date for the next months/years.

    Conclusion

    I continue my migration to self-hosting. Thanks to all the sponsors that allow me to do that.